Physical education
Physical Education is "education through the physical". It
aims to develop students’ physical competence and knowledge of movement and
safety, and their ability to use these to perform in a wide range of activities
associated with the development of an active and healthy lifestyle. It also
develops students’ confidence and generic skills, especially those of
collaboration, communication, creativity, critical thinking and aesthetic
appreciation. These, together with the nurturing of positive values and
attitudes in PE, provide a good foundation for students’ lifelong and life-wide
learning.
Whether
the class produces positive effects on students' health, behavior, and academic
performance depends upon the kind of program that is taught. Physical Education
programs vary all over the world. However, there are worldwide organizations
that allow for a better understanding on how much exercise a child should be
getting daily. Popular games in PE include football, netball, hockey, rounders,
athletics and cricket.
Physical education trends have developed
recently to incorporate a greater variety of activities besides the skills
necessary to play typical team sports such as football or basketball.
Introducing students to activities like bowling, walking/hiking, or Frisbee at
an early age can help them develop good activity habits that will continue into
adulthood.
Some
teachers have begun to incorporate stress-reduction techniques such as yoga,
deep breathing and Tai chi. Tai chi, an ancient martial arts form focused on
slow meditative movements, is a relaxation activity with many benefits. Studies
have shown that it enhances muscular strength and endurance, as well as
cardiovascular endurance. It also provides psychological benefits such as
improving general mental health, concentration, awareness and positive mood.[5]
It can be taught to any age student with little or no equipment, making it
ideal for mixed ability and age classes. Tai chi can easily be incorporated
into a holistic learning body and mind unit.
Teaching
non-traditional sports may also provide motivation for students to increase
their activity, and can help them learn about different cultures. For example,
while learning about lacrosse in the Southwestern United States, students might
also learn about the Native American cultures of the Northeastern United States
and Eastern Canada, where the sport originated. Teaching non-traditional (or
non-native) sports provides an opportunity to integrate academic concepts from
other subjects as well, which may now be required of many PE teachers.
Non-traditional sports add benefits and challenges for those who often get
easily distracted, are uncoordinated, or have less interest in traditional
sports, which helps to make PE classes accessible to as wide a group of
children as possible.
PE
is very important to students' health and overall well-being. The Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention states that between 2015-2016, the prevalence of
obesity in preschool-aged children (ages 2–5) was 13.9%, school-aged children
(ages 6-11) was 18.4%, and adolescents (ages 12-19) 20.6% among U.S. youth. Since
the 1970s the number of children who are obese has tripled.
Examples
of Physical Education in 1912 Toledo, Ohio
SHAPE
America's National Standards & Grade-Level Outcomes for K-12 Physical
Education define what a student should know and be able to do as result of an
effective physical education program.
Another
trend is the incorporation of health and nutrition into the physical education
curriculum. The Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004 required
that all school districts with a federally-funded school meal program develop
wellness policies that address nutrition and physical activity. While teaching
students sports and movement skills, PE teachers are now incorporating short
health and nutrition lessons into the curriculum. This is more prevalent at the
elementary school level, where students do not have a specific Health class.
Recently most elementary schools have specific health classes for students as
well as physical education class. Due to the recent outbreaks of diseases such
as swine flu, school districts are making it mandatory for students to learn
about practicing good hygiene along with other health topics. Children have a
primary responsibility of attending school and providing evidence that they are
achieving the content standards of their given grade level. If children engage
in unhealthy behaviors like poor eating habits, obtaining an insufficient
amount of sleep, or overindulging in screen time or other sedentary behaviors,
they are less likely to experience developmentally appropriate learning.
Today, many states require Physical Education teachers to be certified to teach Health courses. Many colleges and universities offer both Physical Education and Health as one certification. This push towards health education is beginning at the intermediate level, including lessons on bullying, self-esteem and stress and anger management.
Research
has shown that there is a positive correlation between brain development and
exercising.
Incorporating
local indigenous knowledge into physical education can lead to many meaningful
experiences and a way of learning about other cultures. For example, by
incorporating traditional knowledge from varying indigenous groups from across
Canada, students can be exposed to many concepts such as holistic learning and
the medicine wheel. A unit could be focused on connecting to a place or feeling
while outdoors, participating in traditional games, or outdoor environmental
education. These types of lesson can easily be integrated into other parts of
the curriculum and give Aboriginal students a chance to incorporate their
culture in the local school community.
Studies
have been done in how physical education can help improve academic achievement.
In a 2007 article, researchers found a profound gain in English Arts
standardized testing test scores among students who had 56 hours of physical
education in a year, compared to those who had 28 hours of physical education a
year.
In
Brazil, the physical education curriculum is designed to allow school pupils a
full range of modern opportunities, including sports. Martial arts classes,
like wrestling in the United States, and Pencak Silat in France, Indonesia, and
Malaysia, teach children self-defense and to feel good about themselves. The
physical education curriculum is designed to allow students to experience at
least a minimum exposure to the following categories of activities: aquatics,
conditioning activities, gymnastics, individual/dual sports, team sports, rhythms,
and dance.
In
these areas, a planned sequence of learning experiences is designed to support
a progression of student development. This allows kids through 6th grade to be
introduced to sports, fitness, and teamwork in order to be better prepared for
the middle and high school age. In 1975, the United States House of
Representatives voted to require school physical education classes include both
genders. Some high school and some middle school PE classes are single-sex.
Technology
use in physical education:
Many
physical education classes utilize technology to assist their pupils in
effective exercise. One of the most affordable and popular tools is a simple
video recorder. With this, students can see the mistakes they're making in
things such as a throwing motion or swinging form. Studies show that students
find this more effective than having someone try to explain what they are doing
wrong, and then trying to correct it. Educators may use technologies such as
pedometers and heart rate monitors to make step and heart rate goals for
students.
Other
technologies that can be used in a Physical Education setting include video
projectors, GPS and games and gaming systems such as Kinect, Wii Fit and Dance
Revolution. Projectors can show students proper form or how to play certain
games. GPS systems can be used to get students active in an outdoor setting,
and active exergames can be used by teachers to show students a good way to
stay fit in and out of the classroom setting. Simulators are an efficient way
to help promote being active in certain settings. Along with video projectors,
GPS and game systems such as Kinect and Wii, simulators where the participant
is using goggles to be put in a certain setting are beneficial. One method
commonly used in the elderly that could benefit children would be a
horse-riding simulator. This simulator allows the participant to be put into a
country setting where they are free to roam multiple fields. This simulator is
scientifically proven to help balance as well as stability. Relaxing the brain
allows for better cognitive function leads to better test results in the
classroom as well.
Another
type of technology that is commonly used in Physical Education is the
pedometer. This does not necessarily track how far a person is going, but lets
them know the number of steps they are taking.
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Reference: Wikipedia
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